International Journal of Business, Law, and Education

Wage Inequality and Economic Crime in Decision No. 1393 K/Pid/2023

2025-07-16T06:18:13+07:00

This article discusses the relationship between wage inequality and economic crime in the context of the Supreme Court's decision Number 1393 K/Pid/2023. This study examines the legal arguments for the rejection of the reason for cassation based on the economic condition of the defendant, namely wages below the minimum standard, in the case of theft of company assets by two employees. The analysis focuses on the normative limitations of Article 253 of the Criminal Code and the lack of acceptance of socio-economic considerations in criminal practice in Indonesia. With a normative legal approach and structural criminology, this article criticizes a formalistic criminal law approach that overrides substantive justice. It was concluded that Indonesia's criminal justice system has not been fully responsive to the socio-economic motives of perpetrators, and it is necessary to adopt a more humane criminal paradigm through progressive, restorative, and integrative considerations between criminal law and labor norms.

- DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF E-COMMERCE IN UZBEKISTAN

2025-07-13T17:19:00+07:00

In the context of accelerating global digitization, electronic commerce (e-commerce) has emerged as a transformative engine for economic growth, social progress, and international integration, particularly in emerging economies like Uzbekistan. This study investigates the institutional environment underpinning e-commerce development in Uzbekistan, a nation strategically leveraging digital transformation to enhance its global economic presence. Despite notable progress in legislative reforms, digital infrastructure, and state-led initiatives supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs), the scalability and resilience of Uzbekistan’s e-commerce sector remain constrained by institutional gaps, including regulatory inconsistencies, infrastructural disparities, and limited digital literacy. Employing a mixed-method approach—integrating systemic analysis, statistical modeling, expert evaluations, and comparative benchmarking with global best practices—this research delineates the critical institutional mechanisms required to catalyze e-commerce growth. Findings reveal that a robust institutional framework, encompassing adaptive legislation, reliable infrastructure, and stakeholder trust, is indispensable for enhancing economic efficiency, competitiveness, and inclusivity. Uzbekistan’s experience offers a valuable case study for transitional economies, highlighting the interplay between policy innovation, market readiness, and societal adaptation. The study contributes actionable insights for policymakers and enriches the scholarly discourse on digital economy institutionalization.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Eligibility and Financial Institutions Selection for Provision Capital

2025-07-08T10:47:47+07:00

Some of the obstacles to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) existence include difficulty in obtaining additional capital from banking institutions due to lack of employee knowledge and unfulfilled requirements. This research purpose is to determine MSMEs feasibility and selection of appropriate financial institutions to apply for additional capital using a decision support system. There are 25 MSMEs samples in Karanganyar City to be used as research material. Decision tree algorithm is used to calculate initial decisions in specify MSMEs suitability to be given capital. AHP method is used as final decision to decide an appropriate financial institution to carry out additional capital. Accuracy level testing decision tree algorithm implementation to determine MSMEs feasibility resulted in 86.67%. Accuracy level of testing AHP method to decide financial institutions suitability resulted in 76.91%. From the test results, it can be concluded that developed system is good or accurate.

Legal Review of the Validity of a Power of Attorney to Sell as an Executorial Guarantee in a Breach of Performance Case

2025-07-08T10:25:25+07:00

The power of attorney to sell is frequently employed as an alternative form of security in debt agreements outside of formal collateral mechanisms. Nonetheless, in practical application, such powers of attorney are often misused and treated as executorial guarantees, leading to legal complications when execution is attempted. This study seeks to assess the legal validity of a power of attorney to sell when used as an executorial guarantee in cases of default, and to evaluate the legal reasoning employed by the judges of the Batang District Court in Decision Number 64/Pdt.G.S/2022/PN.Btg. A normative juridical method was utilized, incorporating a statutory and case-based approach. Data were collected through literature reviews and judicial decision analyses and were examined using qualitative methods. The findings demonstrate that a power of attorney to sell cannot be equated with executorial collateral instruments such as mortgage or fiduciary security, as this contravenes the foundational principles of collateral law in Indonesia. The Batang District Court adjudicated that the said power of attorney lacked executorial force and thus required a civil lawsuit mechanism to execute the sale of the collateral. This judgment aligns with the principles of legal prudence and debtor protection, preventing potential abuse of legal authority. Accordingly, the use of a power of attorney to sell must be contextualized within its proper legal function and should not be construed as a substitute for executorial guarantees.

Construction of Ecocide Regulation as an Extraordinary Crime in Indonesia Based on the Concept of Ecological Jurisprudence

2025-07-07T14:03:56+07:00

Indonesia, as a country with invaluable biodiversity wealth, faces the threat of a systemic and massive ecological crisis. The environmental damage that occurs often exceeds the reach of conventional environmental criminal law. This paper proposes an idea to construct ecocide as an extraordinary crime in the national legal system. The main argument is built on the foundation of Ecological Jurisprudence (fiqh al-bi'ah), an Islamic jurisprudential framework that offers a solid philosophical, ethical, and legal basis. Through an analysis of the principle of prohibition of damage (fasad), the obligation to maintain balance (mizan), and the responsibility of the caliphate, this article formulates the relevance of Ecological Jurisprudence in the discourse of ecocide. Furthermore, this paper offers a model of ecocide regulation that integrates the values of Ecological Jurisprudence into positive legal norms, including the concept of preventive, retributive, and restorative punishment (ta'dib). By making a comparison with other countries that have begun to recognize ecocide, this article concludes that the Ecological Jurisprudence approach can be an authentic added value for Indonesia in formulating ecocide regulations that are not only effective, but also rooted in the cultural and spiritual values of the majority of its people.

The Influence of Store Atmosphere and Product Assortment on Repurchase Intention with Customer Satisfaction as a Mediating Variable at MR. DIY Kayu Merah

2025-07-03T14:14:21+07:00

This study aims to analyze the influence of store atmosphere and product assortment on repurchase intention with customer satisfaction as a mediating variable among customers of MR. DIY Kayu Merah, Ternate. The study used a quantitative approach, with a purposive sampling method targeting 150 customers who had made at least three purchases. The data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the SEM-PLS method with SmartPLS 4.0 software. The results indicate that store atmosphere positively influences both customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. Meanwhile, product assortment significantly affects customer satisfaction but not repurchase intention directly. Furthermore, customer satisfaction positively impacts repurchase intention and mediates the relationship between both store atmosphere and product assortment with repurchase intention.

Collage from Dry Leaf Waste as a Form of Creativity for Early Childhood (AUD)

2025-07-03T08:41:45+07:00

This study aims to enhance the creativity of 5–6-year-old children through the creation of collage art from dry leaf waste at TK Muslimat NU 12 Az–Zahra Jabung. This study uses a qualitative approach with a classroom action research (CAR) method conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consists of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. In Cycle I, the children were still passive and lacked confidence in their work. However, in Cycle II, after implementing a more exploratory and enjoyable learning approach, there was a significant improvement in imagination, courage to express ideas, and the ability to arrange shapes. The research results indicate that the use of dried leaf waste as an art medium is effective in stimulating children's creativity and fostering environmental awareness. This activity also encourages independence and cooperation among children

The Concept of Measure in the 19Th Century Javanese: An Ethnomathematics Study

2025-07-02T19:57:26+07:00

This study investigates the traditional concepts and mathematical practices of the Javanese people as found in Serat Centhini Kamajaya volumes IX–XII, focusing on how they performed measurements. The research employs a qualitative ethnomathematical approach using a framework based on four key questions: where to look, how to look, what it is, and what it means. Data were drawn from the transliteration of Serat Centhini volumes IX–XII and analyzed using content analysis, triangulation, and pattern identification across six basic mathematical activities. The study identifies sixteen traditional Javanese measurement terms in Serat Centhini IX–XII, including sacengkang, lengen, sapungge, ula sawa, kilan, pêcak, sagêgêm, glintir, sairis, jodho, sakêpêl, saklêmuk, saontong, poros, pulukan, and tangkeb. These terms illustrate the close relationship between culture and mathematical reasoning. The findings highlight the embeddedness of mathematical concepts in Javanese cultural expressions and support the integration of ethnomathematics into culturally responsive education.

Analysis of the Implementation of Criminal Sanctions for Employer Non-Compliance in Paying Contributions BPJS Health

2025-06-24T14:05:58+07:00

Health insurance is implemented with the aim of ensuring that participants receive health care benefits and protection to meet their basic health needs. However, many companies still violate Article 19 (1) or (2) of the BPJS Law, which states that companies have not complied with collecting, paying, and depositing premiums that are the responsibility of employees from their company to the Social Security Agency for Health (BPJS Kesehatan), resulting in many companies defaulting on BPJS Kesehatan insurance premiums and directly harming their employees who cannot utilize health insurance when they need health services. This study aims to analyze the application of criminal sanctions for companies non-compliance with BPJS Kesehatan insurance premium payments. The research method used is socio-legal empirical research. Employees who have not registered as BPJS participants and have never paid premiums cannot be categorized as participants. There are three conditions that lead to the imposition of criminal sanctions under Article 55 of the BPJS Law: (1) the company does not collect premiums that should be covered by the employees themselves; (2) the company have collected premiums that should be covered by employees, but the company didn’t deposit them to BPJS; (3) company do not pay and deposit premiums that are their responsibility to BPJS.

Legal Protection for Customers Related to the Minimum Transaction Limit for Gold Bullion Business

2025-06-24T14:03:40+07:00

Gold is currently considered a profitable investment asset, and Indonesia is one of the countries with high gold production, contributing 4.15% of the world's gold supply. The government has responded to this potential by establishing bullion businesses as regulated in Law No. 4 of 2023 on the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector and Financial Services Authority (OJK) Regulation No. 17 of 2024 on the Implementation of Bullion Business Activities. However, a legal issue has arisen in the form of a legal vacuum (rechtvacuum) regarding the minimum transaction threshold for gold in Gold Financing activities, which, according to Article 9(2) of the aforementioned POJK, is set at a minimum of 500 grams for the first transaction. This provision is deemed to not reflect proportional justice and hinder the principle of public benefit. This study employs a normative legal method with a legislative and conceptual approach to examine and formulate a more fair and beneficial minimum threshold for gold transactions, as well as address two research questions: (1) how the minimum threshold for gold transactions in bullion business activities is regulated based on POJK No. 17 of 2024, and (2) how legal protection for customers related to this provision is reviewed from the perspective of the Theory of Proportional Justice

Sustainable Cities and Communities: Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Scholarly Networks

2025-06-24T11:53:36+07:00

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research trends, collaboration networks, and thematic developments within Sustainable Cities and Communities, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11). Using the Scopus database, 107 relevant documents published between 1998 and 2024 were analyzed to identify patterns in scholarly output, publication types, influential sources, and international co-authorship. VOSviewer software was employed to generate visualizations, including co-authorship by country, keyword co-occurrence networks, temporal evolution, and density mapping of research focus areas. The findings reveal a significant increase in publication activity post-2015, following the global adoption of the 2030 Agenda. The United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Italy emerged as key contributors to international research collaborations. Thematic clusters primarily revolve around urban planning, sustainability frameworks, climate change, and SDG monitoring. Recent trends show a growing emphasis on climate adaptation and community engagement in urban sustainability. This study provides a structured overview of the intellectual landscape in sustainable urban development and highlights emerging research priorities. The insights can support scholars, policymakers, and practitioners in understanding the field's evolution and identify future directions for interdisciplinary and policy-relevant research.

Implementation of the Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 on the Status and Inheritance Rights of Out-of-wedlock Children in Islamic Law and Civil Law

2025-06-23T22:12:47+07:00

The Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 is an important milestone in the recognition of the legal relationship between an out-of-wedlock child and his biological father. This study uses a normative juridical method to examine the impact of the decision on the status and inheritance rights of children out of wedlock in two legal systems that apply in Indonesia, namely civil law and Islamic law. This decision reinterprets the provisions of Article 43 paragraph (1) of the Marriage Law, so that children out of wedlock can have a civil relationship with their father if scientifically proven. However, questions arise about how the position of the child in terms of inheritance according to two legal perspectives that have different bases and logic. This study provides an initial understanding of the scope for recognition, limitations, and potential legal harmonization of the rights of children out of wedlock in Indonesia.